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escape the threats

  • 1 ἀπειλή

    ἀπειλή, ῆς, ἡ (s. ἀπειλέω; Hom. et al.; pap, LXX; PsSol 17:25; TestJob 17:3; JosAs 7:5; 4 Esdr 8:23 Fgm. c; ApcEsdr; Jos., Bell. 6, 257, Ant. 8, 362; Ath., R. 72, 9) threat ἐμπνέων ἀπειλῆς κ. φόνου breathing murderous threats Ac 9:1 (CBurchard, ZNW 61, ’70, 163–65). ἀνιέναι τὴν ἀ. stop threatening Eph 6:9. ἡ ἀ. τοῦ διαβόλου Hm 12, 6, 2. ἀπειλῇ ἀπειλεῖσθαι μή w. inf. warn sharply Ac 4:17 v.l. (s. ἀπειλέω). Pl. (SibOr 3, 71; 97) φυγεῖν τὰς ἀ. escape the threats 1 Cl 58:1. ἐφορᾶν ἐπὶ τὰς ἀ. Ac 4:29.—DELG s.v. ἀπειλέω. M-M.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἀπειλή

  • 2 murmurar

    v.
    1 to mutter.
    se murmura que… there are rumors that…
    Ellos murmuran las amenazas They mutter the threats.
    2 to murmur, to whisper (person).
    Ella murmuró una maldición She murmured a curse.
    El agua murmura The water murmurs.
    3 to gossip.
    se pasan el tiempo murmurando del jefe they do nothing but gossip about the boss
    La gente murmura People gossip.
    4 to grumble.
    5 to purl, to make a purling sound.
    El arroyo murmura The stream purls.
    6 to rustle.
    Las hojas murmuran The leaves rustle.
    * * *
    1 (susurrar) to murmur, whisper
    1 (criticar) to gossip
    2 (persona - susurrar) to whisper; (- decir en voz baja) to murmur; (agua) to murmur, babble; (hojas) to rustle; (viento) to sigh, murmur
    * * *
    verb
    to murmur, mutter, whisper
    * * *
    1.
    VT (=susurrar) to murmur, whisper; (=quejarse) to mutter
    2. VI
    1) (=cotillear) to gossip (de about)
    (=quejarse) to grumble, mutter (de about)
    2) [hojas] to rustle; [viento] to whisper; [agua] to murmur
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( hablar bajo) to murmur
    b) ( con enojo) to mutter

    - no pienso hacerlo - murmuró — I won't do it, she muttered

    andan murmurando que... — there are rumors that...

    2.
    a) ( criticar) to gossip ( maliciously)
    b) (liter) agua to murmur (liter); viento to whisper, murmur; hojas to rustle
    * * *
    = murmur, mutter.
    Ex. As he recovers, he overhears a well-intentioned social worker murmuring soothingly about a juvenile facility, and contrives an escape.
    Ex. We would laugh and mutter that in his case the cap fitted.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( hablar bajo) to murmur
    b) ( con enojo) to mutter

    - no pienso hacerlo - murmuró — I won't do it, she muttered

    andan murmurando que... — there are rumors that...

    2.
    a) ( criticar) to gossip ( maliciously)
    b) (liter) agua to murmur (liter); viento to whisper, murmur; hojas to rustle
    * * *
    = murmur, mutter.

    Ex: As he recovers, he overhears a well-intentioned social worker murmuring soothingly about a juvenile facility, and contrives an escape.

    Ex: We would laugh and mutter that in his case the cap fitted.

    * * *
    murmurar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 (hablar bajo) to mutter
    - no pienso hacerlo -murmuró I won't do it, she muttered
    le murmuró algo al oído he whispered something in her ear
    murmuró que lo aceptaría he murmured his agreement
    2
    (en son de crítica): andan murmurando que el hijo no es suyo there are rumors o mutterings that the child is not his
    son cosas que se murmuran en la oficina they are just rumors that go around the office, it's just office gossip
    ■ murmurar
    vi
    1 (criticar) to gossip ( maliciously) murmurar DE algn to gossip ABOUT sb
    no me importa que murmuren de mí I don't care if they talk o gossip about me
    2 ( liter); «agua» to murmur ( liter); «viento» to whisper, murmur; «hojas» to rustle
    * * *

    murmurar ( conjugate murmurar) verbo transitivo



    ◊ — no pienso hacerlo — murmuró I won't do it, she muttered



    verbo intransitivo ( criticar) to gossip ( maliciously);
    murmurar DE algn to gossip about sb
    murmurar verbo intransitivo
    1 (hablar mal, cotillear) to gossip
    2 (hablar bajo) to whisper
    (hablar entre dientes) to grumble
    3 fig (el agua, el viento, los árboles) to murmur
    ' murmurar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    criticar
    - diente
    - hablar
    English:
    babble
    - burble
    - murmur
    - mutter
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    to mutter;
    se murmura que engaña a su mujer there are rumours that he cheats on his wife
    ♦ vi
    1. [criticar] to gossip (de about);
    se pasan el tiempo murmurando del jefe they do nothing but gossip about the boss
    2. [susurrar] [agua, viento] to murmur, to gurgle;
    [hojas] to rustle
    3. [rezongar, quejarse] to grumble
    * * *
    I v/i
    1 hablar murmur
    2 criticar gossip
    II v/t murmur
    * * *
    1) : to murmur, to mutter
    2) : to whisper (gossip)
    1) : to murmur
    2) chismear: to gossip
    * * *
    1. (en voz baja) to mutter / to whisper
    ¿qué estás murmurando? what are you muttering about?
    2. (criticar) to gossip

    Spanish-English dictionary > murmurar

  • 3 φεύγω

    φεύγω fut. φεύξομαι; 2 aor. ἔφυγον; pf. πέφυγα LXX (Hom.)
    ① to seek safety in flight, flee, Mt 8:33; 26:56; Mk 5:14; 14:50, 52 (mng. 2 is also poss.; cp. PTebt 48, 23f); Lk 8:34; J 10:12, 13 v.l.; Ac 7:29; GPt 13:57; AcPl Ha 4, 1; 9; 5, 8;12;17; ἀπό (X., Cyr. 7, 2, 4, Mem. 2, 6, 31; Arrian, Ind. 6, 5; Ex 4:3; 2 Km 19:10; PsSol 17:16; TestDan 5:1; JosAs 5:2 [ἀπὸ προσώπου]; Jos., Bell. 1, 474) Mk 16:8; J 10:5; Js 4:7=Hm 12, 4, 7; cp. 12, 5, 2; Rv 9:6 (death will elude them); 1 Cl 4:10; 28:2; Hm 11:14; 12, 2, 4 (w. μακράν). ἐκ (Ael. Aristid. 30 p. 583 D.; Jos., Ant. 14, 177) Ac 27:30. εἰς (X., Mem. 1, 2, 24; Gen 14:10; Num 24:11; JosAs 28:7 εἰς τὴν ὕλην; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 1 Jac.; Jos., Ant. 14, 418 εἰς τὰ ὄρη) Mt 2:13; 10:23; 24:16; Mk 13:14; Lk 21:21 (cp. 1 Macc 2:28); J 6:15 v.l.; Rv 12:6. ἐπί w. acc. ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη Mt 24:16 v.l. (X., Ages. 2, 11; JosAs 27:7 ἐπὶ τὴν ὕλην).—RBach, Die Aufforderungen zur Flucht und zum Kampf im alttestamentlichen Prophetenspruch ’62.
    ② to become safe from danger by eluding or avoiding it, escape Mk 14:52 (mng. 1 is also prob.); Hb 12:25 v.l. W. the acc. of that which one escapes (Artem. 1, 21; 4, 1 p. 200, 24; Jos., Vi. 94, Ant. 6, 344; Just., A I, 12, 11 ἄγνοιαν) ἔφυγον στόματα μαχαίρης 11:34. τὸ αἰώνιον (πῦρ) MPol 2:3. Cp. 2 Cl 18:2. ἀπό Mt 3:7; 23:33; Lk 3:7 (cp. Il. 20, 350).— Guard against w. acc. τὰς ἀπειλάς the threats, i.e. the punishments which they hold in prospect 1 Cl 58:1.
    ③ to keep from doing someth. by avoiding it because of its potential damage, flee from, avoid, shun, fig. ext. of 1, and in a moral sense w. acc. of thing (Zaleucus in Stob. IV p. 125, 12 H. τ. ἀδικίαν; Cleobulus in Diog. L. 1, 92; Epict. 1, 7, 25; SIG 1268 I, 3 [III B.C.] ἄδικα φεῦγε; 4 Macc 8:19; Just., A I, 43, 3) φεύγετε τὴν πορνείαν (TestReub 5:5) 1 Cor 6:18. In contrast to διώκειν 1 Ti 6:11 and 2 Ti 2:22 (beside διώκειν, φεύγειν τι may have the mng. ‘run away from’ as schol. on Nicander, Ther. 75).—1 Cl 30:1; 2 Cl 10:1; ITr 11:1; IPhld 2:1; 6:2; 7:2; ISm 7:2; IPol 5:1. Also ἀπό τινος (Sir 21:2 ἀπὸ ἁμαρτίας) 1 Cor 10:14; B 4:1, 10; D 3:1; H 37, 3 v.l. (for ἀφέξῃ).
    ④ to cease being visible, vanish, disappear (Ps.-Clem., Hom. 2, 28) πᾶσα νῆσος ἔφυγεν Rv 16:20. W. ἀπὸ τοῦ προσώπου τινός (as Ps 67:2; cp. also Dt 28:7; Josh 8:5; yet likew. as early as Ctesias: 688 Fgm. 9, 1, 3 p. 454, 16 Jac. φυγεῖν ἀπὸ προσώπου Κύρου and schol. on Nicander, Ther. 377 in a free quot. from Herodas [8, 59] φεύγωμεν ἐκ προσώπου) 20:11. Or does the writer focus on cessation from existence rather than on invisibility?—B. 698. DELG. M-M.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > φεύγω

  • 4 débil

    adj.
    1 weak, dim, faint, feeble.
    Toda esa situación pinta mal This whole situation looks bad.
    2 atonic.
    * * *
    1 (persona) weak, feeble
    2 (ruido) faint; (luz) dim, feeble
    1 weak person
    1 the weak
    \
    débil mental mentally retarded person, mentally deficient person
    * * *
    adj.
    1) weak
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [persona] [gen] weak; [extremadamente] feeble; [por mala salud o avanzada edad] frail

    se encuentra un poco débil de salud — his health is rather frail, he is in rather poor health

    2) [carácter] weak; [esfuerzo] feeble, half-hearted
    3) (=poco intenso) [voz, ruido] faint; [luz] dim
    2.
    SMF
    económicamente
    * * *
    a) < persona> ( físicamente) weak; ( falto de - firmeza) soft; (- voluntad) weak; <economía/ejército/gobierno> weak
    b) <sonido/voz> faint; < moneda> weak; < argumento> weak; < excusa> feeble, lame; < luz> dim, faint
    c) <sílaba/vocal> unstressed, weak
    * * *
    = powerless, flimsy [flimsier -comp., flimsiest -sup.], shaky [shakier -comp., shakiest -sup.], weak [weaker -comp., weakest -sup.], fragile, spineless, feeble, effete, faint, frail, feckless, thin [thinner -comp., thinnest -sup.], weakling, runt, nesh, weedy [weedier -comp., weediest -sup.], boneless.
    Ex. In a world divided by ideology, by trade barriers, by military threats and nuclear fears, we librarians are not powerless.
    Ex. Many paperbacks actually stand up to this usage better than the flimsy hardback covers now being produced.
    Ex. The subdivision 'Discovery and Exploration' under geographic names reinforces the popularly held notion that the world outside Western Europe had no history -- and only a shaky hold on existence -- before it was 'discovered' by Western Europeans.
    Ex. Problems arise from weak or outmoded structuring of subjects in the schedules of DC.
    Ex. The material which carries the message is fragile.
    Ex. To call a supervisor ' spineless' is to tag him as weak and therefore unfair to his really good employees.
    Ex. Mearns warns us, 'Recollection is treacherous; it is usually too broad or too narrow for another's use; and what is more serious, it is frequently undependable and worn and feeble'.
    Ex. Some teachers argue against book clubs, claiming that they bring together only a certain kind of avid reader, the literary equivalent of the religiously effete and over-pious.
    Ex. As more and more copies are produced, so the amount of dye on the master is reduced layer by layer until the image on the copy paper becomes quite faint.
    Ex. Previous research has demonstrated that frail elderly living in subsidized high-rise apartments have greater unmet needs than elderly who reside in traditional community housing.
    Ex. The author wrings sick humor from its feckless heroes' forlorn attempts to escape from a drug habit that they do not really enjoy any longer.
    Ex. Although it may be a bit thin in its use of standard academic sources of information, it is exceedingly strong on insider information and personal interviews.
    Ex. According to Safire, when a slice a cake was put before him Putin said 'Sweets are for weaklings and children'.
    Ex. Under the same regimens of treatment the number of runts produced varied from none to as much as 80 per cent of the litter.
    Ex. Usually, half of us would sleep on the ground outside and the other half would go for the nesh option of sleeping in a tent or hut.
    Ex. Shock as boofy blokes beat weedy intellectual in popularity contest.
    Ex. By running away he shows who he is -- a boneless coward who never engaged in direct confrontation with the enemy.
    ----
    * alto y débil = spindly [spindlier -comp., spindliest -sup.].
    * débil de salud = poor health.
    * débiles, los = little guy, the.
    * en el momento más débil de Alguien = at + Posesivo + weakest.
    * eslabón débil = weak link.
    * hacerse el débil = sandbagging.
    * luz débil = glimmer.
    * más débil de la camada, el = runt of the litter, the.
    * más débil del grupo, el = runt of the litter, the.
    * punto débil = blind spot, weak link.
    * punto débil, el = chink in the armour, the.
    * ser el contrincante más débil = punch above + Posesivo + weight.
    * ser el punto más débil de Alguien = be at + Posesivo + weakest.
    * * *
    a) < persona> ( físicamente) weak; ( falto de - firmeza) soft; (- voluntad) weak; <economía/ejército/gobierno> weak
    b) <sonido/voz> faint; < moneda> weak; < argumento> weak; < excusa> feeble, lame; < luz> dim, faint
    c) <sílaba/vocal> unstressed, weak
    * * *
    = powerless, flimsy [flimsier -comp., flimsiest -sup.], shaky [shakier -comp., shakiest -sup.], weak [weaker -comp., weakest -sup.], fragile, spineless, feeble, effete, faint, frail, feckless, thin [thinner -comp., thinnest -sup.], weakling, runt, nesh, weedy [weedier -comp., weediest -sup.], boneless.

    Ex: In a world divided by ideology, by trade barriers, by military threats and nuclear fears, we librarians are not powerless.

    Ex: Many paperbacks actually stand up to this usage better than the flimsy hardback covers now being produced.
    Ex: The subdivision 'Discovery and Exploration' under geographic names reinforces the popularly held notion that the world outside Western Europe had no history -- and only a shaky hold on existence -- before it was 'discovered' by Western Europeans.
    Ex: Problems arise from weak or outmoded structuring of subjects in the schedules of DC.
    Ex: The material which carries the message is fragile.
    Ex: To call a supervisor ' spineless' is to tag him as weak and therefore unfair to his really good employees.
    Ex: Mearns warns us, 'Recollection is treacherous; it is usually too broad or too narrow for another's use; and what is more serious, it is frequently undependable and worn and feeble'.
    Ex: Some teachers argue against book clubs, claiming that they bring together only a certain kind of avid reader, the literary equivalent of the religiously effete and over-pious.
    Ex: As more and more copies are produced, so the amount of dye on the master is reduced layer by layer until the image on the copy paper becomes quite faint.
    Ex: Previous research has demonstrated that frail elderly living in subsidized high-rise apartments have greater unmet needs than elderly who reside in traditional community housing.
    Ex: The author wrings sick humor from its feckless heroes' forlorn attempts to escape from a drug habit that they do not really enjoy any longer.
    Ex: Although it may be a bit thin in its use of standard academic sources of information, it is exceedingly strong on insider information and personal interviews.
    Ex: According to Safire, when a slice a cake was put before him Putin said 'Sweets are for weaklings and children'.
    Ex: Under the same regimens of treatment the number of runts produced varied from none to as much as 80 per cent of the litter.
    Ex: Usually, half of us would sleep on the ground outside and the other half would go for the nesh option of sleeping in a tent or hut.
    Ex: Shock as boofy blokes beat weedy intellectual in popularity contest.
    Ex: By running away he shows who he is -- a boneless coward who never engaged in direct confrontation with the enemy.
    * alto y débil = spindly [spindlier -comp., spindliest -sup.].
    * débil de salud = poor health.
    * débiles, los = little guy, the.
    * en el momento más débil de Alguien = at + Posesivo + weakest.
    * eslabón débil = weak link.
    * hacerse el débil = sandbagging.
    * luz débil = glimmer.
    * más débil de la camada, el = runt of the litter, the.
    * más débil del grupo, el = runt of the litter, the.
    * punto débil = blind spot, weak link.
    * punto débil, el = chink in the armour, the.
    * ser el contrincante más débil = punch above + Posesivo + weight.
    * ser el punto más débil de Alguien = be at + Posesivo + weakest.

    * * *
    1 ‹persona› (físicamente) weak; (falto de — firmeza) soft; (— voluntad) weak; ‹economía/ejército/gobierno› weak
    es de complexión débil she has a very weak constitution
    aún está débil he's still weak
    es muy débil de carácter he has a very weak character
    2 ‹sonido/voz› faint; ‹moneda› weak; ‹corriente› weak; ‹argumento› weak; ‹excusa› feeble, lame
    da una luz muy débil it gives out a very dim o feeble o weak light
    3 ( Ling) ‹sílaba/vocal› unstressed, weak
    los débiles the weak
    es un débil mental ( fam); he's soft in the head ( colloq)
    eres un debilucho ( fam); you're a wimp ( colloq)
    los económicamente débiles ( frml); those on low incomes
    * * *

     

    débil adjetivo
    a) ‹persona/economía/gobierno› weak

    b) ‹sonido/voz› faint;

    ‹moneda/argumento› weak;
    ‹ excusa› feeble, lame;
    ‹ luz› dim, faint;
    ‹sílaba/vocal› unstressed, weak
    débil
    I adj (fuerza, salud) weak, feeble: el argumento era muy débil, his reasoning was flawed
    es muy débil de carácter, she is very weak
    es muy débil con sus alumnos, he is lenient with his students o he is over-indulgent with his students
    (intensidad de luz o sonido) faint
    punto débil, weak spot
    II mf
    1 weak person: el fuerte oprime al débil, the powerful opress the weak
    2 (blandengue) wimp: eres una débil, no aguantas nada el calor, don't be such a wimp, it's not even hot
    ' débil' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - alicaída
    - alicaído
    - flaca
    - flaco
    - flojear
    - goteo
    - talón
    - tenue
    - blando
    - flojo
    - lánguido
    - pelele
    - sexo
    English:
    A
    - an
    - anaemic
    - and
    - as
    - be
    - chink
    - dim
    - do
    - failing
    - faint
    - feather
    - feeble
    - frail
    - from
    - infirm
    - limp
    - link
    - shaky
    - shall
    - should
    - tenuous
    - than
    - that
    - them
    - thin
    - to
    - weak
    - were
    - what
    - whatever
    - wimp
    - wimpish
    - would
    - you
    - your
    - yourself
    - fragile
    - glimmer
    - hole
    - low
    - muted
    - run
    - spindly
    - spineless
    - weakly
    - weakness
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [persona] [sin fuerzas] weak;
    [condescendiente] lax, lenient;
    de constitución débil prone to illness, sickly;
    débil de carácter of weak character
    2. [voz, sonido] faint;
    [luz] dim, faint;
    una débil mejoría a slight improvement;
    una débil brisa movía las cortinas a slight breeze moved the curtains
    3. [país, gobierno, moneda] weak;
    [argumento, teoría] weak, lame
    4. [sílaba] unstressed
    5. [vocal] weak [i, u]
    ♦ nmf
    weak person;
    ser un débil to be weak;
    una enfermedad que ataca a los más débiles a disease which attacks the weakest o most vulnerable
    * * *
    adj weak
    * * *
    débil adj
    : weak, feeble
    ♦ débilmente adv
    * * *
    débil adj
    1. (en general) weak
    2. (ruido) faint
    3. (luz) dim [comp. dimmer; superl. dimmest]

    Spanish-English dictionary > débil

  • 5 World War II

    (1939-1945)
       In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.
       In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.
       To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.
       The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.
       Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.
       Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.
       Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.
       Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.
       The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.
       The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.
       Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.
       In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.
       Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II

  • 6 asmak

    "1. /ı, a/ to hang (something) up (on), suspend (something) (from). 2. /ı/ to hang (a person). 3. /ı/ slang to skip (school), play hooky (from), play truant (from). 4. /ı/ slang to refuse to pay back (a debt). 5. /ı/ slang to escape from the companionship of (another) (on the road). 6. /ı/ slang to neglect. 7. /ı/ slang to skip out on (a job, an obligation). Astığı astık, kestiği kestik. colloq. What he says goes. asıp kesmek 1. to act despotically; to play the tyrant. 2. to use threats."

    Saja Türkçe - İngilizce Sözlük > asmak

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